[Unity] 什么是c#事件？如何用EventHandler或Action或UnityEvent实现它的功能？

2020年7月2日 0条评论 612次阅读 0人点赞 xinyu
Event Picture
"我要过去啦，开门！""请~"

微信公众号？个人邮箱？大字报？塔防里面通知每个小兵更改前进路线？下雨了每个NPC和花花草草要做什么？其实这些都可以称作事件（Events），它们都包含了观察者模型（Observer Design Pattern）的思想。

什么是c#里面的事件呢？事件就是一个对象（Object）通知了某件事发生了（“我发现外星人攻打地球啦！”）。

其中包含事件的类（发布器 Publisher）被我们用来发布事件（联合国报道了我的这条消息），

订阅器（Subscriber）类接收该事件（千千万万个看新闻的人）。它们就是观察者！

c#里面的事件遵循“观察者”模型/设计范式（Observer Design Pattern）。

订阅器之间互不知晓，发布器也不用特别关照某个订阅器，如此一来代码就解耦了。妙啊~

发布器中的事件是由委托定义的对象，符合这个委托声明参数和返回类型的订阅器才可以订阅。本文用来声明事件的EventHandler和Action/Func 本质就是委托/代理（delegate）。以后再开坑。

有大体三个方法可以在Unity中完成事件的发布、响应、触发的功能。有请第一组选手，个人最爱的EventHandler（发布器：DoorWayEvent.cs；订阅器：DoorController.cs；触发：DoorTrigger.cs）:

///
/// <summary> DoorWayEvent as Publisher
///
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;
using UnityEngine.Events;

public class DoorWayEvent: MonoBehaviour
{
//开门
    public event EventHandler<DoorEventsArgs> OnEnterDoor;
//关门
    public event EventHandler<DoorEventsArgs> OnDoorLeave;
//单例
    public static DoorWayEvent instance;

    private void Awake()
    {
        if (instance == null)
        {
            instance = this;
            DontDestroyOnLoad(gameObject);
        }
        else
            Destroy(gameObject);
    }
//要开门找我
    public void EnterDoorTrigger(DoorEventsArgs args)
    {
        OnEnterDoor?.Invoke(this, args);
    }
//要关门找我
    public void LeaveDoorTrigger(DoorEventsArgs args)
    {
        OnDoorLeave?.Invoke(this, args);
    }

}
//传参：要开哪个门？
public class DoorEventsArgs : EventArgs
{
    public int id { get; set; }
}


///
/// <summary> DoorController as Subscriber
///
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;

public class DoorController : MonoBehaviour
{
    [SerializeField] private int id;
    
    public int ID { get { return id; } set { id = value; } }
    // Start is called before the first frame update
    void Start()
    {
//我订阅啦，有开关门的任何消息就通知我，我知道怎么做。
        DoorWayEvent.instance.OnEnterDoor += OnDoorWayOpen;
        DoorWayEvent.instance.OnDoorLeave += OnDoorWayClose;
    }

//碰到开关门我要这要做...
    private void OnDoorWayOpen(object sender, DoorEventsArgs e)
    {
        //Debug.Log("Trying to Open with id " + e.id);
        //Debug.Log("This Gate with id " + id);
        if (e.id==id)
            LeanTween.moveLocalY(gameObject, transform.position.y+ 2.5f, 1f).setEaseOutQuint();
    }

    private void OnDoorWayClose(object sender, DoorEventsArgs e)
    {
        if(e.id==id)
            LeanTween.moveLocalY(gameObject, transform.position.y-2.5f, 1f).setEaseInQuint();
    }
//门都不在了，我也不再接受信息了。
    private void OnDestroy()
    {
        DoorWayEvent.instance.OnEnterDoor -= OnDoorWayOpen;
        DoorWayEvent.instance.OnDoorLeave -= OnDoorWayClose;
    }
}


///
/// <summary> DoorTrigger
///
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;

public class DoorTrigger: MonoBehaviour
{

    private void OnTriggerEnter(Collider other)
    {
        //Debug.Log("Trying to Open "+other.name);
        if (other.gameObject.tag == "Door")
        {
            
            int tarId = other.GetComponent<DoorController>().ID;
            //Debug.Log("Trying to Open with id "+tarId);
            // 通知要开门啦！要开的门是...
            DoorWayEvent.instance.EnterDoorTrigger(new DoorEventsArgs {id=tarId });
        }
    }

    private void OnTriggerExit(Collider other)
    {
        if (other.gameObject.tag == "Door")
        {
            int tarId = other.GetComponent<DoorController>().ID;
            // trigger the event
            DoorWayEvent.instance.LeaveDoorTrigger(new DoorEventsArgs { id = tarId }) ;
        }
    }
}

第二组选手Action<>/Func<>加上UnityEvent （发布器 DoorWayEventUsingAction.cs；订阅器 DoorControllerUsingAction.cs；触发DoorTriggerUsingAction.cs）

///
/// <summary> DoorWayEventUsingAction as publisher
///
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;
using UnityEngine.Events;

public class DoorWayEventUsingAction : MonoBehaviour
{
//最重要的事件声明
    public event Action<int> OnDoorWayTriggerEnter;
    public event Action<int> OnDoorWayTriggerLeave;


    public static DoorWayEventUsingAction instance;

    private void Awake()
    {
        if (instance == null)
        {
            instance = this;
            DontDestroyOnLoad(gameObject);
        }
        else
            Destroy(gameObject);
    }
//唤起
    public void DoorWayTriggerEnter(int id)
    {
        OnDoorWayTriggerEnter?.Invoke(id);
    }

    public void DoorWayTriggerLeave(int id)
    {
        OnDoorWayTriggerLeave?.Invoke(id);
    }

//一个如何用Func的例子，虽然此处完全不实用
    private Func<List<GameObject>> OnRequestListOfDoors;
    private void Start()
    {
        SetRequestListOfDoors(FindAllDoors);
    }

    private List<GameObject> FindAllDoors()
    {
        List<GameObject> alldoors = new List<GameObject>();
        foreach (var iter in FindObjectsOfType<DoorControllerUsingAction>())
        {
            alldoors.Add(iter.gameObject);
        }
        return alldoors;
    }

    public void SetRequestListOfDoors(Func<List<GameObject>> delegateFunc)
    {
        OnRequestListOfDoors = delegateFunc;
    }
    public List<GameObject> RequestListOfDoors()
    {
        return OnRequestListOfDoors?.Invoke();
    }

// 用 unity event 的例子：如何订阅，唤起
    public UnityEvent unityEvent;

    public void SetThisInActiveIDKWhy()
    {
        gameObject.SetActive(false);
    }

    public void AddListenerMethod()
    {
        unityEvent.AddListener(SetThisInActiveIDKWhy);
    }

    public void InvokeUnityEvent()
    {

        unityEvent.Invoke();
    }

}


///
/// <summary> DoorControllerUsingAction as subcriber
///
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Runtime.Serialization.Json;
using UnityEngine;

public class DoorControllerUsingAction : MonoBehaviour
{
    [SerializeField] private int id;

    public int ID { get { return id; } set { id = value; } }

    // 订阅方法一模一样
    void Start()
    {
        DoorWayEventUsingAction.instance.OnDoorWayTriggerEnter += 
OnDoorWayOpen;
        DoorWayEventUsingAction.instance.OnDoorWayTriggerLeave += 
OnDoorWayLeave;
    }
//符合Action<int> 传参和返回类型的函数可以用来订阅
    private void OnDoorWayOpen(int id)
    {
        if (id == this.id)
        {
            LeanTween.moveLocalY(gameObject, transform.position.y + 2.5f, 1f).setEaseOutQuint();

            // 如何使用Func 但是此处的例子不实用
            List<GameObject> objs = 
DoorWayEventUsingAction.instance.RequestListOfDoors();
            Debug.Log($"There are {objs.Count} doors in map.");
        }
    }

    private void OnDoorWayLeave(int id)
    {
        if(id==this.id)
            LeanTween.moveLocalY(gameObject, transform.position.y - 2.5f, 1f).setEaseInQuint();
    }
//取消订阅
    private void OnDestroy()
    {
        DoorWayEventUsingAction.instance.OnDoorWayTriggerEnter -= 
OnDoorWayOpen;
        DoorWayEventUsingAction.instance.OnDoorWayTriggerLeave -= 
OnDoorWayLeave;
    }


}


///
/// <summary> DoorTriggerUsingAction as Trigger
///
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;

public class DoorTriggerUsingAction : MonoBehaviour
{

    private void OnTriggerEnter(Collider other)
    {
        if (other.tag == "Door")
        {
            DoorWayEventUsingAction.instance.
DoorWayTriggerEnter(other.GetComponent<DoorControllerUsingAction>().ID);
        }
    }

    private void OnTriggerExit(Collider other)
    {
        if (other.tag == "Door")
        {
            DoorWayEventUsingAction.instance.
DoorWayTriggerLeave(other.GetComponent<DoorControllerUsingAction>().ID);
        }
    }
}

区别：EventHandler个人觉得还是更加方便，传参的时候要么是EventArgs.Empty 要么是自己定义的派生类。加入或者减少变量不会很麻烦地改变声明内容public event EventHandler<T> SomeEvent；而Action则需要随参数改变声明，虽然也可以写类，但是前者不香么。附stackoverflow的讨论。

UnityEvent在编辑模式中有方面的交互界面，有时候直接拖拽也很方便。

简单的实现方法可以是新构建一个类，维持订阅者的名单，再利用代理Call相应的方程。实际上还牵扯反射机制。实现传参和返回类型都是蛮复杂的，改日研究。

虚晃一枪（三枪）XD
本作品采用 知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0 国际许可协议 进行许可
点赞
No Tag
最后编辑：2020年7月2日

发表评论

电子邮件地址不会被公开。必填项已用 * 标注